confidence interval

The confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include a true but unknown population parameter. The estimated range is calculated from a given set of observations.

## Examples

At the α level of significance, a two-sided confidence interval for the true mean μ for normally distributed data with observed mean m and true standard deviation σ can be constructed as:

mean - zα/2 σ / √N ≤ μ ≤ mean + zα/2 σ / √N,

where zα/2 = invGaussQ (α/2) and N is the number of observations.

If the standard deviation is not known, we have to estimate its value (s) from the data and the formula above becomes:

mean - tα/2;N s / √N ≤ μ ≤ mean + tα/2;N s / √N,

where tα/2;N = invStudentQ (α/2, N-1).

For α=0.05 and N=20 we get z0.025=1.96 and t0.025;20=2.093. This shows that for a fixed value of the standard deviation the confidence interval will always be wider if we had to estimate the standard deviation's value from the data instead of its value being known beforehand.

### Links to this page

- confidence level
- Correlation: Confidence intervals...