Ishizaka & Flanagan (1972)

Kenzo Ishizaka & James L. Flanagan (1972): “Synthesis of voiced sounds from a two-mass model of the vocal cords.” Bell System Technical Journal 51: 1233–1268. Reprinted in: James L. Flanagan & Lawrence R. Rabiner (eds.) (1973): Speech Synthesis, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg.

The authors show that if we model each vocal cord as two coupled mass-spring systems, the passive vibration that results from the interaction with a glottal airflow will show more realistic behaviour than with the one-mass model of Flanagan & Landgraf (1968), at least for a male speaker.